In a historic moment for India’s cultural pride, 12 iconic forts associated with Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj have been officially added to the UNESCO World Heritage List. Announced on July 11, 2025, at the 47th session of the World Heritage Committee in Paris, these forts have been recognized as the “Maratha Military Landscapes of India”. This prestigious status celebrates not just the forts, but the Maratha Empire’s unmatched military architecture and strategic vision.
These forts were designed to defend Swarajya (self-rule) across diverse landscapes—from hills to coastlines. Let’s explore the stories and significance of these 12 forts that now enjoy global recognition.
1. Raigad Fort
Located in the Raigad district of Maharashtra, about 125 km from Mumbai, Raigad was the capital of Shivaji Maharaj’s empire. Built on a steep hill, it was virtually impossible to breach. It became the central seat of Maratha administration and the very heart of independent rule.
Raigad is most famous for being the site of Shivaji Maharaj’s coronation in 1674, marking the foundation of the Maratha kingdom. While it didn’t witness major battles during his reign due to its strong defenses, it was the place where many strategic decisions were made. Shivaji Maharaj resided here extensively, managing governance and planning military campaigns.
2. Shivneri Fort
Situated near Junnar in Pune district, around 90 km from Pune, Shivneri Fort is historically important as the birthplace of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in 1630. Surrounded by natural defenses, it served as a secure place for his early upbringing.
Though not famous for large-scale battles, Shivneri saw several conflicts due to its strategic location in the Deccan. Shivaji Maharaj spent his early years here under the watchful guidance of his mother Jijabai, who nurtured the idea of Swarajya in him.
3. Lohagad Fort
Located near Lonavala, approximately 60 km from Pune, Lohagad, or the “Iron Fort,” is known for its scorpion-tail-like extension called Vinchukata. This naturally protected structure was vital for controlling trade routes.
Shivaji Maharaj captured Lohagad in 1648, lost it to the Mughals during the Treaty of Purandar (1665), and recaptured it in 1670. It played a key role in his military operations and served as a strategic base during several campaigns.
4. Pratapgad Fort
Built in 1656 near Mahabaleshwar, Pratapgad Fort is where one of the most famous battles in Maratha history took place. In 1659, Shivaji Maharaj defeated Afzal Khan of the Bijapur Sultanate in the Battle of Pratapgad, a victory that boosted Maratha morale significantly.
Shivaji Maharaj had the fort constructed himself and personally managed its defense. It was a turning point in his leadership and a symbol of rising Maratha power.
5. Panhala Fort
Located near Kolhapur, Panhala Fort is one of the largest forts in the Deccan. It served as a stronghold on a key trade route and saw numerous power struggles over centuries.
The fort is best remembered for Shivaji Maharaj’s legendary escape in 1660 during a siege by Siddi Johar of Bijapur. With the help of Baji Prabhu Deshpande, Shivaji managed a heroic escape to Vishalgad, making this one of the most dramatic moments in Maratha history.
6. Sindhudurg Fort
Built between 1664 and 1667 on an island near Malvan, Sindhudurg Fort was a naval marvel. Positioned in the Arabian Sea, it acted as a powerful Maratha naval base.
The fort is unique due to its iron-and-lead foundation, which helps it withstand the sea. It was a key defense hub against European colonial powers and pirates. Shivaji Maharaj personally supervised its construction and frequently visited to inspect maritime operations.
7. Suvarnadurg Fort
Situated off the Konkan coast near Harnai, Suvarnadurg, meaning “Golden Fort,” was part of a coastal defense system. Along with the nearby Kanakdurg, it helped secure the western coastline and served as a stronghold for the Maratha navy.
It played a crucial role in sea defense and projecting Maratha strength in the region. While Shivaji Maharaj may not have stayed here for long, he ensured it was well-fortified and included in his naval strategy.
8. Vijaydurg Fort
Located near Devgad, Vijaydurg Fort, or the “Victory Fort,” was a major sea fortress. It was known for its strong walls and even had a secret underwater escape route.
It served as a base for the legendary Maratha Admiral Kanhoji Angre and held off numerous attacks from British and Dutch forces. Shivaji Maharaj captured and fortified Vijaydurg, recognizing its strategic importance for maritime power.
9. Khanderi Fort
An island fort near Alibaug, Khanderi Fort was crucial in controlling maritime routes toward Mumbai. Together with Underi Fort, it played a major role in asserting Maratha dominance at sea.
In the late 1670s, fierce battles took place here between the Marathas and the English East India Company. Shivaji Maharaj oversaw its construction and ensured it became a linchpin in his naval defense network.
10. Salher Fort
Perched in the Nashik district, Salher Fort is the highest fort in Maharashtra. Its location offered a vantage point over the surrounding region and served as a strategic lookout.
It is most famous for the Battle of Salher in 1672, where the Marathas secured a massive victory against the Mughals in a rare open-field battle. This win marked the growing strength of Shivaji’s army. Though more of a military post, Shivaji Maharaj likely visited Salher due to its strategic value.
11. Rajgad Fort
Located near Velhe, about 60 km from Pune, Rajgad Fort was the first capital of Shivaji Maharaj’s kingdom. He spent over two decades here before shifting his base to Raigad.
Rajgad is notable for its complex structure with three defensive plateaus—Padmavati, Suvela, and Sanjivani Machis. Important decisions and early strategies of the Maratha Empire were planned here. It was also the birthplace of his son, Rajaram I.
12. Gingee Fort
Located in Tamil Nadu’s Villupuram district, Gingee Fort is known as the “Troy of the East”. Though far from Maharashtra, it played a key role in Shivaji Maharaj’s southern campaign.
He captured it in 1677, expanding his influence in South India. The fort’s massive structure with three citadels made it nearly impossible to conquer. It later became a center of Maratha resistance against the Mughals.
Significance of the UNESCO Recognition
1. Global Recognition
This listing brings worldwide attention to the military brilliance and architecture of the Maratha Empire. It validates the universal value of these forts and their role in shaping Indian history.
2. Preservation and Conservation
UNESCO status ensures better funding and professional care for these monuments, helping preserve them for future generations through structured conservation efforts.
3. Tourism Boost
These forts will now attract more domestic and international tourists, promoting regional economies and spreading awareness of Maratha heritage.
4. Cultural Pride
This is a moment of immense pride for Indians, especially Maharashtrians, as it honors the contributions of Shivaji Maharaj and reinforces cultural identity and legacy.
5. Educational Value
The forts serve as open-air classrooms, offering insights into ancient warfare, architecture, governance, and resilience. Their global recognition will further educational and research initiatives.
These 12 forts are more than just stones and walls—they are timeless monuments of valor, vision, and Swarajya. Their inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List is a proud moment for India and a tribute to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s legacy. For those who seek to understand the spirit of India’s freedom and fortitude, these forts are must-visit landmarks. Step into history and experience the grandeur of the Maratha Empire!